Application of multibody dynamics techniques to the analysis of human gait

La tesi que es presenta tracta l’estudi cinemàtic i dinàmic de la marxa humana mitjançant tècniques de dinàmica de sistemes multisòlid. Per a aquest propòsit, s’utilitzen dos models biomecànics: un model pla format per 11 segments i 14 graus de llibertat i un model tridimensional format per 18 segments i 57 graus de llibertat. La formulació dinàmica multisòlid ha estat desenvolupada en coordenades mixtes (naturals i relatives). La marxa de l’individu s’enregistra al laboratori utilitzant un sistema de captura del moviment mitjançant el qual s’obté la posició de cadascun dels 37 marcadors situats sobre el cos del subjecte. Les dades de posició es filtren utilitzant un algorisme basat en el singular spectrum analysis (SSA) i les coordenades naturals del model es calculen mitjançant relacions algebraiques entre les posicions dels marcadors. Posteriorment, un procés de consistència cinemàtica assegura les restriccions de sòlid rígid. El processament cinemàtic continua amb l’aproximació de les posicions mitjançant corbes B-spline d’on se n’obtenen, per derivació analítica, els valors de velocitat i acceleració. En una anàlisi dinàmica inversa de la marxa humana, s’acostumen a utilitzar com a dades d’entrada els paràmetres antropomètrics (geomètrics i inercials) dels segments, les dades cinemàtiques i les mesures de les plaques de força. En contraposició al que fan la majoria d’autors, en aquesta tesi, les mesures de les plaques de força no són utilitzades directament en l’anàlisi sinó que només s’usen per solucionar el problema del repartiment del torsor resultant de les forces de contacte durant la fase de doble suport. En aquesta fase, els dos peus es recolzen sobre el terra i les mesures cinemàtiques són insuficients per determinar el torsor en cada peu. El nou mètode de repartiment que es proposa (anomenat contact force plate sharing, CFP) és una de les aportacions de la tesi i destaca pel fet que permet determinar un conjunt de forces i moments dinàmicament consistents amb el model biomecànic, sense haver de modificar-ne les coordenades cinemàtiques ni afegir forces o moments residuals en algun dels segments. Encara dins l’àmbit de l’estudi dinàmic invers, s’ha analitzat la sensitivitat dels parells articulars a errors comesos en estimar els paràmetres antropomètrics, a errors que poden contenir les mesures de les plaques de força i a errors que es poden cometre en el processament cinemàtic de les mesures. L’estudi permet concloure que els resultats són molt sensibles als errors cinemàtics i a les forces mesurades per les plaques, sent els errors en els paràmetres antropomètrics menys influents. La tesi també presenta un nou model tridimensional de contacte peu-terra basat en el contacte esfera-pla i els seus paràmetres s’estimen mitjançant dos enfocaments diferents basats en tècniques d’optimització. El model s’utilitza com un mètode alternatiu per solucionar el problema del repartiment durant la fase de doble suport en dinàmica inversa, i també s’utilitza en simulacions de dinàmica directa per estimar les forces de contacte entre el model biomecànic i el seu entorn. En l’anàlisi dinàmica directa és necessària la implementació d’un controlador que està basat, en aquest cas, en el filtre de Kalman estès. Les contribucions més importants de la tesi, en el cas de l’anàlisi dinàmica inversa, es centren en el mètode CFP i en l’ús del model de contacte per solucionar el repartiment de forces de contacte en la fase de doble suport. Referent a l’anàlisi de la influència dels errors en les dades d’entrada del problema dinàmic invers, la modelització estadística dels errors conjuntament amb la pertorbació conjunta de més d’un paràmetre antropomètric a la vegada (mantenint constant l’alçada i el pes de la persona) és també una novetat. Per altra banda, el model de contacte presentat és també una contribució original. En l’estat de l’art actual no es troben models que usin dades reals capturades al laboratori i que a la vegada s’utilitzin per solucionar el problema de repartiment en el doble suport i per simular el contacte peu-terra en una anàlisi dinàmica directa. Finalment, el fet de desenvolupar un model que s’utilitzi tant per a l’anàlisi dinàmica directa com inversa és també una de les aportacions d’aquesta tesi. Tot i que les dues anàlisis, per separat, són temes de recerca comuns en l’àmbit de la Biomecànica, es troben a faltar estudis que comprovin la validesa dels resultats que se n’obtenen. En aquesta tesi, els resultats de la dinàmica inversa s’han utilitzat com a dades d’entrada de l’anàlisi dinàmica directa, el resultat de la qual (el moviment) ha pogut ser comparat amb el que s’obté de la captura del laboratori (entrada de la dinàmica inversa). D’aquesta manera, el cercle es tanca i es pot verificar la validesa tant dels models com dels resultats obtinguts.This thesis presents the kinematic and dynamic study of human motion by means of multibody system dynamics techniques. For this purpose, two biomechanical models are used: a 2D model formed by 11 segments with 14 degrees of freedom, and a 3D model that consists of 18 segments with 57 degrees of freedom. The movement of the subject is recorded in the laboratory using a motion capture system that provides the position along time of 37 markers attached on the body of the subject. Position data are filtered using an algorithm based on singular spectrum analysis (SSA) and the natural coordinates of the model are calculated using algebraic relations between the marker positions. Afterwards, a kinematic procedure ensures the kinematic consistency and the data processing continues with the approximation of the position histories using B-spline curves and obtaining, by analytical derivation, the velocity and acceleration values. This information is used as input of an inverse dynamic analysis. Differing to most published works, in this thesis the force plates measurements are not used directly as inputs of the analysis. When both feet contact the ground, kinematic measurements are insufficient to determine the individual wrench at each foot. One of the contributions of the thesis is a new strategy that is proposed to solve the this indeterminacy (called corrected force plate sharing, CFP) based on force plates data. Using this method, a set of two contact wrenches dynamically consistent with the movement are obtained with no need neither to add residual wrenches nor to modify the original motion. Also in the IDA field, the sensitivity of the joint torques to errors in the anthropometric parameters, in the force plate measurements and to errors committed during the kinematic data processing is studied. The analysis shows that the results are very sensitive to errors in force measurements and in the kinematic processing, being the errors in the body segment parameters less influential. A new 3D foot-ground contact model is presented and its parameters are estimated using optimization techniques. The model is used as an alternative method to solve the mentioned sharing problem during the double support phase and it is also used, in a forward dynamic analysis, to estimate the contact forces between the biomechanical model and its environment. The forward dynamic simulation requires the implementation of a controller that is based, in this case, on the extended Kalman filter. The most important contributions of the thesis in IDA are focused on the CFP sharing method and regarding the analysis of the influence of errors in input data on the inverse dynamics results, the statistical modelling of the uncertainties together with the perturbation of more than one parameter at same time (remaining height and weight as a constant parameters) is also new in the literature. Moreover, the presented foot-ground contact model is also original. In the current state of the art, there are no models that use real data captured in the laboratory to solve the contact wrench sharing problem during the double support phase. Furthermore, there are few studies simulating the foot-ground interaction in a forward dynamic analysis using a continuous foot-ground contact model. Finally, developing a model that is used for both forward and inverse dynamic analysis is a relevant aspect of the methodology used. Although the two approaches separately are common research topics in the field of biomechanics, a small number of studies prove the validity of the obtained results. In this thesis, the results of the inverse dynamics are used as input data for the forward dynamic analysis, and the results of the latter (the motion) have been compared with the motion capture in the laboratory (input of the inverse dynamics analysis). Thus, the circle has been closed which allows us to validate the accuracy of both the models and the obtained results

Influence of coordinate and dynamic formulations on solving biomechanical optimal control problems

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Performance evaluation of different control strategies for the forward dynamic simulation of human gait

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Influence of the controller design on the accuracy of a forward dynamic simulation of human gait

The analysis of a captured motion can be addressed by means of forward or inverse dynamics approaches. For this purpose, a 12 segment 2D model with 14 degrees of freedom is developed and both methods are implemented using multibody dynamics techniques. The inverse dynamic analysis uses the experimentally captured motion to calculate the joint torques produced by the musculoskeletal system during the movement. This information is then used as input data for a forward dynamic analysis without any control design. This approach is able to reach the desired pattern within half cycle. In order to achieve the simulation of the complete gait cycle two different control strategies are implemented to stabilize all degrees of freedom: a proportional derivative (PD) control and a computed torque control (CTC). The selection of the control parameters is presented in this work: a kinematic perturbation is used for tuning PD gains, and pole placement techniques are used in order to determine the CTC parameters. A performance evaluation of the two controllers is done in order to quantify the accuracy of the simulated motion and the control torques needed when using one or the other control approach to track a known human walking pattern.Postprint (author's final draft

Comparison of methods to determinate ground reactions during the double support phase of gait

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Evaluation of the Beam-F3 method for locating the F3 position from the 10–20 international system

Electromagnetic brain transcranial stimulation techniques have emerged to treat certain pathologies that require precise anatomical localization in the scalp to access the underlying cortical targets. For example, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is an effective treatment for major depressive disorder when targeted at the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) [[1],[2]]. The 10–20 international system of electrode placement has been increasingly applied to locate the DLPFC, allowing the placement of a stimulation device above the F3 position. The Beam-F3 method [[3]] is commonly used by clinicians for targeting this area of the brain [[4]]. Advantages of this method include its cost-effectiveness and its ease of implementation, as it does not require neuronavigational systems for target localization.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Exploring the Application of ChatGPT in Mechanical Engineering Education

The use of language models such as ChatGPT in the field of engineering has gained popularity in recent years due to their ability to assist engineers in their projects and tasks. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of ChatGPT in supporting students' learning in the Mechanism and Machine Theory (MMT) subject. The study involved participants who were asked to interact with ChatGPT to obtain concept clarification and factual information related to MMT. Our results show that the majority of participants were familiar with ChatGPT and had used it for academic or technical questions. They also found it easy to use and felt that it covered a wide range of topics. However, they noted that the answers provided by ChatGPT were not always clear or were ambiguous. Our research also emphasizes the significance of critical thinking, analytical skills, and decision-making abilities while utilizing ChatGPT. While ChatGPT can serve as a valuable aid to students, enhancing their productivity and providing them with prompt information, it cannot replace their expertise and specialized skills. More studies are required to delve deeper into the complete potential of ChatGPT in bolstering engineering education and practice.Postprint (published version

Exploring The Application Of Chatgpt In Mechanical Engineering Education

The use of language models such as ChatGPT in the field of engineering has gained popularity in recent years due to their ability to assist engineers in their projects and tasks. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of ChatGPT in supporting students\u27 learning in the Mechanism and Machine Theory (MMT) subject. The study involved participants who were asked to interact with ChatGPT to obtain concept clarification and factual information related to MMT. Our results show that the majority of participants were familiar with ChatGPT and had used it for academic or technical questions. They also found it easy to use and felt that it covered a wide range of topics. However, they noted that the answers provided by ChatGPT were not always clear or were ambiguous. Our research also emphasizes the significance of critical thinking, analytical skills, and decision-making abilities while utilizing ChatGPT. While ChatGPT can serve as a valuable aid to students, enhancing their productivity and providing them with prompt information, it cannot replace their expertise and specialized skills. More studies are required to delve deeper into the complete potential of ChatGPT in bolstering engineering education and practice

Foot-ground contact modelling for computational prediction of human walking motion

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